and J.F.d.B. In this manner, we artificially mimicked a fibre with a small FOV. Modern microscopy demonstrates a drive towards miniaturization caused by the need to access deep tissues Recent years have witnessed the development of super-resolution far-field fluorescence microscopy that allows the diffraction-limited resolution to be surpassed, unveiling processes at the nano-scale levelHere, we propose and experimentally demonstrate fluorescence imaging through a thin MM fibre probe with a spatial resolution beyond the Abbe limit and a temporal resolution beyond the Nyquist limit, meaning that super-resolution and super-speed are achieved at the same time.

We use the random nature of mode coupling in a multimode fibre, the sparsity constraint and compressive sensing reconstruction. Consequently, to have freedom of choice of the representation basis, we need a universal sensing basis. However, such a light distribution within the sample would also not be limited by the Abbe limit. Sample prepared by Elisabeth Ehler. The only difference is that laser beams are typically soft-edged beams. However, near-field microscopy has the disadvantage that it cannot look deep beneath the surface of objects, such as cell membranes. Donoho, D. L. Superresolution via sparsity constraints. Other high-resolution devices, such… Most optical systems (called ‘linear shift invariant’) can be idealized as having a position-independent PSF, where emitters at every position in the field image to the same PSF shape.In the in-focus PSF at low NA, the intensity reaches zero value at a well-defined closest distance (see arrow in The Rayleigh resolution limit uses the example of two point-like objects and defines the resolution as the distance, where the maximum in the image of each of these objects occurs at the position (The Sparrow limit is the distance between such point objects of equal intensity at which a dip half way between them ceases to be visible in the superposition of their images (the first two derivatives of the intensity curve along the connecting line become zero).All these limits can be to some degree changed by optical engineering approaches that vary the amount to which some light rays contribute to the image (sometimes referred to as apodization). Imaging intracellular fluorescent proteins at nanometer resolution.

tubulin fibres) or planes (e.g. In the main text, a few of these systems with a non-uniform illumination are discussed.In analogy to the discussion on the Abbe limit previously mentioned, a similar limit exists to describe the finest possible intensity feature in the illumination light field that can be generated, when illuminating through the objective lens.
Fiber-optic probes for Turtaev, S. et al. The straight multiplication of input intensity with fluorescence concentration (brightness of the sample) leads to the addition of the illumination and the detection Abbe limit.‘nonlinear’ means that the generated fluorescence is not any longer proportional to the illumination intensity.Stimulated Emission is the physical effect that a fluorophore is more likely to emit a photon the higher the rate of photons with identical properties passing by.A very common optical aberration which violates the linear shift invariance is field dependent astigmatism.The surprising bit about interference is that depending on the mutual phase of the light, bright light (e.g. Vellekoop, I. M., Lagendijk, A. In the second set of measurements, we experimentally analyzed the intrinsic trade-off between the spatial resolution and the imaging speed. The discrepancy to the light detection discussed so far arises from the fact that in the aforementioned theory, we only considered light waves that are able to propagate (so called far field waves). Barnes, C. W. Object restoration in a diffraction-limited imaging system. Mathematics shows that in a somewhat magical way these waves can cancel each other in the dark sample areas and in total sum up such that the exact brightness structure of the sample can be represented in this way.
In conventional microscopes such as bright-field or Simultaneously illuminating from all angles (fully open condenser) drives down interferometric contrast. Equivalent measurements were taken for an MM fibre with a core of 105 µm and NA = 0.1. This turns out to be a good approach. Other high-resolution devices, such… Read More Image super-resolution via sparse representation. We have demonstrated that the compressive sensing approach in combination with an MM fibre probe can provide imaging beyond the Abbe and Nyquist limits simultaneously in an endoscopic configuration. The first fibre has a silica core of 50 µm in diameter and an NA = 0.22. This data set corresponds to a width of 23.4 μm, a height of 2.9 μm and a depth of 30.0 μm.

The combined effect of the different parts of an optical system is determined by the The spread of the diffraction-limited PSF is approximated by the diameter of the first null of the There are techniques for producing images that appear to have higher resolution than allowed by simple use of diffraction-limited optics.The effective resolution of a microscope can be improved by illuminating from the side. The high NA PSF (uniformly grey peak in the middle) is much finer, but does not have the rings of zero intensity. Internet Explorer). Virtually any topic for the virtual learner. Betzig, E. et al. Gerchberg, R. W. Super-resolution through error energy reduction. The Nyquist limit determines the fastest rate at which a light signal can be sampled. We demonstrate a spatial resolution more than 2 times better than the diffraction limit and an imaging speed 20 times faster than the Nyquist limit. Čižmár, T. & Dholakia, K. Exploiting multimode waveguides for pure fibre-based imaging.

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